LawyerLandLegal Glossary

Arraignment

The first court appearance in a criminal case, where the charges are read and a plea is entered.

Informational only - this is not legal advice. These definitions explain general legal vocabulary in plain English. They are not advice about your situation, reading them creates no attorney-client relationship, and the law differs from state to state and changes over time. For advice you can rely on, speak to a lawyer licensed in your state.

What it means

An arraignment is the formal opening of a criminal case in court. The defendant is told what they are charged with, is advised of the right to counsel, and enters a plea. Conditions of release - bail, or release on conditions - are commonly addressed at or around the same appearance.

It is not a trial and no evidence is heard. Almost all defendants plead not guilty at this stage, including those who later resolve the case by agreement, because a not-guilty plea preserves every option while the evidence is still unknown.

The practical significance is timing rather than substance: it starts procedural clocks, and it is often the first point at which counsel is appointed for someone who cannot afford a lawyer.

Where this comes from

In federal criminal cases arraignment is governed by Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 10. State procedures are set by state law and differ in naming and sequence - some states hold a separate initial appearance before arraignment.

When people hire a lawyer for this

Ideally before the hearing rather than after it. Anyone who cannot afford a lawyer should say so on the record at the arraignment, as that is the mechanism by which counsel is appointed - and statements made in court before advice is obtained cannot be withdrawn.

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Part of the LawyerLand plain-English legal glossary. Definitions are written from primary sources - statutes and court rules - and each entry states the authority it rests on, or says plainly when the doctrine is state law with no national rule.